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Sending 119: PACHAMAMA And SUMAK KAWSAY Lecture Ecology Action Esperanza Martínez - Ecuador at the Symposium Towns and shipping








PACHAMAMA Y SUMAK KAWSAY (Part I)






Esperanza Martínez




Ecological Action

"Son, if you like me fruitful, want to be in life,

as I know, nothing but earth and earth,

no vain pretensions, without complaint, without envy." Leonidas Proaño

"But

come a day when we conquer your heart and conscience

and thus our victory will be double."

Martin Luther King

1. Concepcion vs capitalist. original conceptions

There was a time in the history of mankind, that even in the lands of the rulers, nature had a different condition. The buildings respected nature, art inspired by nature and science was but the level of knowledge derived from it. However

gradually imposed a model of exploitation of people and nature. The scientific and cultural trend that came from Europe is that of Bacon (1561-1626) who, as one of the parents of the experimental method, he wrote, "nature will be starting their secrets and if necessary as torture torturing women in order to dominate and subdue it. "

In indigenous cultures, both agricultural as collectors, nature maintains communication with human societies, which does not occur in societies that have broken their relationship with the land. The people can recognize what can not be done, know the risks, recognize the changes. Maintain a series of rituals, restrictions, prohibitions, which respond to the knowledge of the natural cycles of other species and understanding of natural laws. For the settlers, however, nature was a hostile environment they described as wilderness areas, full of peril, he had to master. In the first ecosystems are respected, but respected intervened to endure, in the second ecosystems are used without any respect.

Cities are believed to tap water comes from ... do not understand that it exists for the metabolic processes of the trees, or the role of the moors. The clouds are formed by plant respiration. That climate stability depends on natural cycles. Than in healthy living soil microorganisms, bacteria, fungi that help feed the plants.

are indigenous people who in practice and in the field have questioned the fact that they consider nature as an object subject to the needs of capital.

On behalf of capitalist development and modernity, Western culture has taken as a basis for genocide and development ecocide, that for many people linked to land is the same.

For people who still have this link explicit and conscious to the earth, nature is a mother, probably the most important because it is the mother of all things that grow in it and in turn there is an awareness of it as part of a comprehensive, he is respected as a provider, not an object but a subject that interacts with the self is not absolute otherness and is seen as an opposition between being that lives and their ideals of life, but as part themselves. For many indigenous worldviews Mother Earth is subject to establishing permanent dialogue whose outcome, we are witnesses, build complex buildings ecological cultural and historical identity, proof of this is the creational myths or founding myths of indigenous cultures that have been repeated thousands of times by hundreds of generations through time.

For indigenous cultures "there is nothing that has no heart or life principle, ie all live" and in a society in which all lives are relationships between subject-subject and not between subject and object.

It is clear that a big difference in how close to the nature of capitalist society and how to do Indians. For the first it is a source of wealth and the best "middle environment "of the people, for the latter it is the" mother earth "from which people are part.
Amazonian territories now represent oxygen, water and survival of a myriad of living things including humans and this is not a local or national issue but has global dimensions. We can not think that this problem is only local, conserved areas will also depend on the cities and by extension the entire planet.
only to the extent that both the historical entities (indigenous people) as their thoughts are included in the decision areas, public policy and recognition and strengthen their own territorial autonomy, political, administrative, cultural, etc., we will have taken the first steps in building a model to implement the principle of coexistence of civilizations and nature.
Today, nobody can deny the changes that have occurred to ignore the restrictions imposed by nature and which were ignored. Only there are differences in classifying the severity of that damage. "Capitalism is cold, cold as all that is metal. Do not care about men or peoples. He cares about profits. And only cares about the people and nations to the extent that they provide profits. To devour profits, devouring men and peoples. It's cold has no heart "say Bishop Proaño

Monsignor Leonidas Proaño paraphrase an Indian is worth more than a mine or a well or, as he said, to a cathedral.


2. Life on the planet - the planet of life: pollution, extractive model, climate change.


The environmental crisis is no longer speculation, and can not be ignored. Environmental issues became part and parcel of the social.

Latin American economies, particularly those of countries containing Amazonian tropical ecosystems are based on the exploitation of mineral wealth, which exist precisely in these areas: mining, oil, timber and biodiversity. All reports agree that this pressure has triggered an environmental disaster, reducing biodiversity and putting the survival limit of indigenous wild and causing contamination.

A pull model for nature is a piece of property in dispute, one side of transnational neo-liberalism gained land rights through various contractual arrangements, or ownership of nation states, which they consider as their borders for exploitation. In

Today the threat to expand the oil frontier extends to the rest of Yasuni, it is announced and the exploitation of the ITT and presents the information as always distorting the issue as if it were in the amounts of oil or the type of contract exclusively. Misinform about the fact that if 700 million barrels of crude oil would be extracted would be 10,000 million barrels of wastewater to be discharged to the environment. This means that drown in the brackish water area of \u200b\u200bgreatest diversity in the world.

The same applies to mining, if we consider that a gold ring of 6 gr. produced 6 tons of waste rock, contaminated rivers with toxic chemicals that will persist in the environment over 100 years.

But what happens in reality is that mining and oil remain the main threat in the region.


3. Rights to land and territory


Environmental issues and the right to land and territories have been gaining space in the national and international agendas.

1992 was a critical year in both global and national perspective. It made the Earth Summit and it was highlighted two main issues: the destruction of biodiversity and global climate change ...

were also important moments for the presence acquired by indigenous peoples: ILO Convention 169, the new Brazilian Constitution recognizes indigenous peoples, the indigenous uprising in Ecuador, the indigenous march in Bolivia (in fact discovered Bolivia indigenous -1990), in Colombia recognizes the collective rights in 1991, in Peru are years of indigenous raw killings. However in 1990, Ecuador, received a double blow of reality. The first indigenous uprising let us look at each other face to face with our country, recognize, and since then, clearly identify those who would lead the country's social movement, the news that for the first time a census revealed that the urban population was higher, with 55.4% compared to the rural, which was reduced to 44.6%, reflecting the process of leaving the field. was like recognizing who we are, where we came from and where we go in the time limit. Especially considering that Ecuador is a country that its ecological character has a great diversity both agricultural and wild. It is a country with abundant freshwater, with sunshine 365 days a year without extreme weather conditions, with this memory even have contributed to the domestication of many of the most important agricultural products (potato, cacao, cassava, including maize) ie has the best possible conditions for an agricultural country.

However, after recognizing that most people live in urban conditions justify assaults on the most diverse fields, ranging from abandonment to the destruction of lands and territories.

This war against the camp has its explanation in the neoliberal model. Of the few smart things ruthlessly hawked by the president of the United States in 2001 was to say "Can you imagine a country that was unable to grow enough food to feed its population? Would be a nation subject to international pressure. It would be a nation at risk. And so, when we talk about American agriculture, we're really talking a matter of national security. " Implicit is the strategy of rule subordinate to the other countries tearing their sovereign ability to produce and consume food.

The development of the country's urban identity has grown almost religious disdain to the ground. Today when we talk about resource extraction projects that have environmental impacts on people, such as Amazon, government leaders are hiding in the national interest and therefore we turn to the figure of the insensitivity of "a few families "as opposed to millions in need. Our governments even

situándose por fuera del neoliberalismo no están dispuestos o preparados para dar el salto al Sumak Kawsay que por condición es en armonía con la naturaleza y, en lugar de frenar fronteras y recuperar territorios perdidos, se lanzan por facilidad, por debilidad o por necesidad, a nuevos territorios para explotarlos.

En Ecuador, de un área de 400.000 hectáreas en producción se pasó a 6 millones de hectáreas concesionadas. En minería de 5% a 16,7% entre 2000 y 2004, equivalente a unos 45.513 km2 (según la Dirección Nacional de Minería, Gestión de Seguimiento y Gestión Minera, Estadística de Áreas y Hectáreas, 1991 – 2004). Cabe mencionar que las solicitudes concessions covering 69% of the country in 2000 and 84.5% in 2004. The World Bank has quantified Ecuador mining cadastre of 20% of Ecuador's territory, ie the total 27 million hectares, 5 million hectares.

Peru and Brazil are the countries with the highest increase in the number of concessions for exploration and exploitation of hydrocarbons. In the former, the total number of lots granted from 6 in 2000, to 51 in 2006. While this development in Brazil increased from 3 to 60 lots, for the same period. In 2008 this number rose to 170 blocks. Thus in 2002 the total number of lots in Peru era 30, habiéndose multiplicado por 5, pasando a la elevada cifra de 151 lotes en el 2006. Es importante resaltar que la mayoría de los lotes que operan en la Amazonía, se encuentran en etapa de exploración: el 67% en el 2000, y el 89% en el 2006 y que si bien en Perú existe un menor número de concesiones, los lotes poseen una mayor extensión, por lo que actualmente cubren más del 70% de la parte amazónica del país. También la minería creció en ese país del 1,49% a 8,2% entre 1991 al 2006 (105.504 km2).

Las áreas de interés petrolero en Bolivia abarcan un 47,3 % de la superficie del país (520.000 km2). Yacimientos Petrolíferos Fiscales Bolivianos (YPFB). The new frontier is just the Amazon, there is intended to promote exploration. In the case of Colombia, has been successive rounds of oil. In 2008 he gave a tender 50 blocks of 102 blocks and for 2010 are announced 170 new blocks, ie the whole country.

currently has approximately more than 44 million hectares concession in the Amazon, of which 85% are in the exploration phase, while the remaining 15% is in production stage.

80 percent of biodiversity in Latin America is in the territory of indigenous peoples, according to studies by the IUCN.

This situation is similar throughout the continent. In each of these places have made significant process of resistance that have been repressed in some cases, in others rejected.

The old and new disputes over the territory is a response to the question of who handed over the territory. In the new figures of concessions, reservations are private or privatized, where decisions about land and its resources are not communities but businesses, NGOs, or research.

to this is that since we have the three most strategic resources for the industry: oil, water and biodiversity are in the crosshairs of transnational aim to manage these resources.

We need to take, make us aware of this systematic destruction of the countryside, either by deliberate destruction by delegation of functions to private companies or simply by default.